A step-up transformer and a step-down transformer are both types of transformers used to increase or decrease the voltage level in an electrical circuit.

  A step-up transformer is designed to increase the input voltage to a higher output voltage. It has more turns in the secondary coil than in the primary coil, resulting in a higher output voltage. The step-up transformer is commonly used in power transmission systems to increase the voltage to minimize energy losses over long distances.

  On the other hand, a step-down transformer is designed to decrease the input voltage to a lower output voltage. It has fewer turns in the secondary coil compared to the primary coil, resulting in a lower output voltage. The step-down transformer is frequently used in household appliances to reduce the high voltage from the power grid to a safer and usable voltage level for electronic devices.

  Both step-up and step-down transformers operate based on the principles of electromagnetic induction. When an alternating current (AC) passes through the primary coil, a changing magnetic field is produced, which induces an alternating voltage in the secondary coil. The ratio of the number of turns in the primary and secondary coils determines the voltage transformation ratio.

  It's worth noting that while step-up and step-down transformers primarily differ in their voltage transformation capabilities, their other properties like power rating, efficiency, and insulation requirements can be varied depending on the specific application or electrical system requirements.