The main components of a transformer include:

  1. Core: The core is typically made of laminated iron or steel. It provides a path for the magnetic flux and reduces energy losses due to eddy currents.

  2. Windings: The windings consist of insulated copper or aluminum conductors. There are two types of windings: primary winding and secondary winding. The primary winding is connected to the input voltage source, while the secondary winding is connected to the output load.

  3. Insulation: The windings are insulated to prevent electrical shorts and ensure proper isolation between the primary and secondary coils.

  4. Tap Changer: This is an optional component that allows for varying the turns ratio of the transformer, enabling the output voltage to be adjusted.

  5. Cooling System: Transformers generate heat during operation. Large transformers usually have cooling systems such as oil-filled radiators or fans to dissipate the heat and maintain proper temperature.

  6. Bushings: Bushings are insulating components that enable the connection of high-voltage conductors to the external electrical equipment.

  7. Conservator: This is a container connected to the main tank of the transformer to accommodate oil expansion and contraction due to temperature variations.

  8. Breather: The breather is connected to the conservator and contains a desiccant to filter out moisture and maintain dryness inside the transformer.

  9. Buchholz Relay: This protective device detects the presence of gas and oil flow within the transformer tank, indicating possible faults such as internal arcing or insulation failure.

  10. Protective Devices: Transformers may have various protective devices such as overcurrent relays, thermal relays, and voltage protection systems to prevent damage to the transformer and connected equipment.

  These components work together to transfer electrical energy from one circuit to another by electromagnetic induction. The transformer efficiently changes the voltage level while maintaining power continuity and electrical isolation between the input and output circuits.